Forms and Uptake of Manganese in Relation to Soil Taxonomic Orders in Alluvial Soils of Punjab,India

Different forms of manganese (Mn) were investigated, including total, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable, soil solution plus exchangeable (Mn), Mn adsorbed onto inorganic sites, Mn bound by organic sites, and Mn adsorbed onto oxide surfaces, from four soil taxonomic orders in northwestern India. The total Mn content was 200–950 mg kg^?1, DTPA-extractable Mn content was 0.60–5.80 mg kg^?1, soil solution plus exchangeable Mn content was 0.02–0.80 mg kg^?1, Mn adsorbed onto inorganic sites was 2.46–90 mg kg^?1, and Mc adsorbed onto oxide surfaces was 6.0–225.0 mg kg^?1. Irrespective of the different fractions of Mn their content was generally greater in the fine-textured Alfisols and Inceptisols than in coarse-textured Entisols and Aridisols. The proportion of the Mn fractions extracted from the soil was in the order as follows: Adsorbed onto oxide surfaces > adsorbed onto inorganic site > organically bound > DTPA > soil solution + exchangeable. Based on coefficient of correlation, the soil solution plus exchangeable Mn, held onto organic site and oxide surface (amorphous) and DTPA-extractable Mn, increased with increase in organic carbon of the soil. The two forms, adsorbed onto inorganic site (crystalline) and DTPA extractable, along with organic carbon, increased with increase in clay content of the soil. DTPA-Mn and Mn adsorbed onto oxide surfaces and held on organic site decreased with increased with an increase in calcium carbonate and pH. Total Mn was strongly correlated with organic carbon and clay content of soil. Among the forms, Mn held on the organic site, water soluble + exchangeable and adsorbed onto oxide surface were positively correlated with DTPA-extractable Mn. DTPA-extractable Mn seems to be a good index of Mn availability in soils and this form is helpful for correction of Mn deficiency in the soils of the region. The uptake of Mn was greater in fine-textured Inceptisols and Alfisols than in coarse-textured Entisols and Aridisols. Among the different forms only DTPA-extractable Mn was positively correlated with total uptake of Mn. Among soil properties Mn uptake was only significantly affected by pH of the soil.     

环丙唑醇对映体的反相高效液相色谱分离及其热力学研究

在高效液相色谱反相条件下,利用手性色谱柱Lux Cellulose-1(纤维素-三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯,粒径分别为3μm和5μm)对环丙唑醇4个对映异构体进行了直接手性拆分研究。考察了不同粒径、流动相组成和柱温对环丙唑醇对映体色谱保留及分离的影响;并采用在线旋光检测器研究了环丙唑醇对映体的洗脱顺序;同时,利用热力学方法对对映体与固定相之间的色谱保留和分离的热力学机理进行了探讨。结果表明:以乙腈-水为流动相比甲醇-水具有更好的拆分效果,柱温降低有利于对映体的拆分;在以V(乙腈)∶V(水)=60∶40为流动相、柱温为20℃的条件下,环丙唑醇对映体在3μm(流速0.3 m L/min)和5μm(流速1.0 m L/min)色谱柱上均可得到较好分离,在满足对映体完全分离的情况下,建议优先使用3μm色谱柱,异构体洗脱顺序为(+/+/-/-);而当流动相由乙腈-水变为甲醇-水时,对映体的洗脱顺序则变为(+/-/+/-)。热力学研究结果表明:在5~40℃试验温度范围内,van't Hoff方程的线性关系良好(R20.92);以乙腈-水作为流动相时,环丙唑醇对映体的拆分过程受焓驱动;而以甲醇-水为流动相时,对映体的拆分过程既受焓驱动又受熵驱动。     

Kinetics of Competitive Fixation of Potassium and Ammonium Ions by Silt Component of Soils from Different Agro-Climatic Regions

Potassium (K⁺) and nitrogen [N, as the form of ammonium (NH₄⁺)] are major nutrients for plant growth. Although there have been a number of studies on the kinetic fixation of potassium and ammonium ions in soils and clays, however, investigations on the kinetics of competitive fixation of these ions have been few, if any, especially by taking into account silt component of the soils. In this study, the kinetics of potassium and ammonium fixation were examined in the silt components of several soil samples. The results revealed that considerable amounts of K⁺ and in lesser amounts, NH₄⁺ ions were fixed by silt components of the soils. Potassium fixation was strongly preferred over ammonium. To describe the fixation kinetics, seven mathematically models were evaluated. A comparison of the models showed that pseudo-second-order equation properly described the fixation of these ions by the silt components.     

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils in the U.S. soil classification system

ABSTRACT

Human-altered and human-transported (HAHT) soils are widespread across the globe and are concentrated near where people live and work. Although some of the HAHT soils are significant because they can be hazardous to human, animal, and plant health, most are not mapped or classified to the same extent as agricultural soils. The purpose of this article is to discuss the occurrence, types, and importance of HAHT soils and to document the historical and proposed classification of HAHT soils in Soil Taxonomy. There are two main forms of materials that define HAHT soils: human-altered soils formed in human-altered materials (HAM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more and human-transported soils formed in human-transported materials (HTM) from the soil surface to 50 cm (or to bedrock if shallower) or more. The HAHT soils mainly occur in urban areas, transportation corridors, mined lands, landfills, filled shallow water, and agricultural areas on anthropogenic landforms. Hazards include danger from radioactivity, pollution, content of hazardous artifacts, or presence on unstable landforms that may fail during heavy rains or earthquakes. The HAHT soils are extensive, and their extent is growing. In the past, few HAHT soils were described or classified adequately because the U.S. Soil Taxonomy system was established for agricultural and other naturally occurring soils. However, HAHT soils are now being recognized and classified in many soil classification systems at very high levels. A new soil order is proposed for U.S. Soil Taxonomy that would include the most obvious profoundly and intentionally altered HAHT soils. A discussion and justification is given for an unofficial proposal. Input will be collected from international groups of scientists, and modifications of the unofficial proposal are expected. The long-term result of establishing a new soil order will be to enable proper classification, allocation, and mapping of HAHT soils worldwide.     

基于高光谱苹果品种叶片铁含量估测模型

【目的】 在叶片水平上构建基于高光谱的苹果品种叶片铁素含量估测模型,为探寻实时、高效、无损的果树树体营养诊断提供技术途径。【方法】以苹果品种岩富10号为材料,测定岩富10号叶片光谱数据和铁素含量,采用光谱分析和相关分析法,筛选与叶片铁素含量相关性较强的光谱组合,利用偏最小二乘法构建苹果叶片铁素含量光谱估测模型。【结果】岩富10号苹果叶片一阶微分光谱与铁素含量的敏感波段为R′₉₉₀、R′_{1 113}、R′_{1 360}、R′_{1 408},相关系数最高为-0.698 9。对敏感波段两两进行加、减、乘、除运算,最优波段组合形式R′₉₉₀×R′_{1 048}与铁素含量相关系数为0.846 2。估测模型拟合度(R²)最高为0.827 5。【结论】苹果叶片一阶微分光谱组合与铁素含量显著相关(P<0.05),光谱组合能够明显提高其相关性,偏最小二乘法与逐步回归建模相比估算模型的精度更佳,可以用于苹果叶片铁素含量的光谱估算。     

一类Caputo分数阶脉冲微分方程混合边值问题解的存在唯一性

主要研究了一类1α2的分数阶脉冲微分方程的混合边值问题.首先将非线性微分方程转化为等价的积分方程,然后利用Leray-Schauder和Altman不动点定理,得到了解的存在性和唯一性,并且给出了一个例子说明结论的正确性,推广和改进了相关结论.     

基于建筑密度的农村院落空间布局分异研究

为合理利用农村院落规划用地,探讨空间布局分异规律,以山东省346份调查问卷为主要资料,在已有研究的基础上,利用所调查的农户截面数据,选择合适的指标,采用有序Logistic回归模型研究确定影响农户院落布局分异的驱动因素。影响因素共分为宏观概况、人口情况、经济状况、家庭特征4大类11小类。研究结果表明：院落位置对分异方向产生重要影响,经济因素是影响农村院落空间布局分异的主要因素。除此之外,户主年龄对布局分异产生一定影响。     

喹唑啉衍生物的合成及农药生物活性研究进展

喹唑啉衍生物具有广泛的农药生物活性,如抗细菌、抗真菌、杀虫、除草、抗病毒及杀螨等,近年来受到越来越多的关注。将不同药效团引入到喹唑啉骨架中,经结构修饰后能合成一系列具有农药生物活性的新型喹唑啉衍生物。本文综述了2000年以来喹唑啉衍生物的合成及农药活性研究进展,旨在为喹唑啉结构的修饰改造提供参考。     

再回顾幸存物种生态序

这篇论文主要分析了栖息地永久性破坏过程中幸存物种竞争序的变化。通过严格的数学证明,获得了引起竞争序变化的栖息地破坏比例的临界值。灭绝物种的数量和幸存物种的生态序变化有明显的关系：当最后一个灭绝的物种的序号为偶数时,随着栖息地永久性破坏的比例增加时,在全局稳定状态下,所有幸存的偶数序物种最终将成为强竞争力的物种;而当最后一个灭绝的物种的序号为奇数时,随着栖息地永久性破坏的比例增加时,在全局稳定状态下,则所有幸存的奇数序物种最终将成为强竞争力的物种。这个结论不同于以往相关的研究。此外,本文还进一步扩展了Klausmeier有关集合群落中任意一个物种丰富度函数的研究。根据Klausmeier的研究,当栖息地破坏比例小于竞争力最强物种稳定的丰富度时任意一个物种丰富度的分析性表达式已被获得。本文通过数学证明得到了当栖息地破坏比例大于竞争力最强物种稳定的丰富度时任意一个物种丰富度的分析性表达式。该结论完整地解释了Tilman等提出的如果物种死亡率相同竞争力强的物种将更加丰富的假设中幸存物种生态序变化的规律,而Tilman等提出的其它三种假设中幸存物种生态序变化的规律按照相似方法同样可以得到。     

通辽地区推广的甜菜品种评析

通过对块根产量、含糖率、产糖量等指标的统计分析,对通辽地区推广的10个糖用甜菜品种进行综合排序,结果表明:KWS3418、KWS7156、KWS0143三个甜菜品种综合排序位居前三位。